types of process communication1. same machine, same process (inter thread)2. same machine (inter process)3. over network (remote machines)process 1. heterogeneous (all can be different)2. expensive communication cost (limited ... number and size !!!)>> communication models and protocols are neededcommunication model components = message format +protocolRPC = remote procedure callremote procedure..

scaling computer systems > vertical scaling . horizontal scaling vertical scaling = scale up = adding more powerful hardware components in a serverhorizontal scaling = scale out = adding more servers   why scale out systems ??? 1. better performance ( = high throughput & parallel processing -> low latency   )   + 1MRPS is 1 million requests per second2. fault tolerance (single server often since..